According to research from the University of Colorado Boulder (CU Boulder), sprinters with amputations who use running prostheses have no clear competitive advantage at the 400-meter distance compared to sprinters with biological legs; in fact, they appeared to have a significant disadvantage at the start.
The study provided the most comprehensive data collected from elite runners with bilateral leg amputations, including the world’s fastest 400-meter sprinter, Blake Leeper. Leeper was ruled ineligible to compete in the Tokyo Olympics last year due to having an assumed advantage.
When comparing performance data from Leeper, Oscar Pistorius, and up to six other bilateral amputee sprinters with those of the best non-amputee sprinters in the world across five performance metrics, the research found no advantage, according to the study.
“A lot of assumptions have been made about running prostheses and performance with no data to support them,” said senior author Alena Grabowski, PhD, associate professor of integrative physiology at the university.
For the study, Leeper visited Grabowski’s Applied Biomechanics Lab for a series of tests in 2018. That summer, he had sprinted the 400-meter in 44.42 seconds, breaking the record of Pistorius, the first below-the-knee amputee to compete against able-bodied runners at the Olympic games. After Pistorius’ history-making run in 2012, the International Association of Athletics Federations (now World Athletics) ruled that, going forward, athletes using “mechanical aids” must provide evidence that their blades do not give them a competitive edge.
Leeper enlisted Grabowski, an expert in running prostheses biomechanics who had collected similar data on Pistorius years earlier.
On the treadmill and track, researchers measured Leeper’s acceleration out of the starting blocks, maximum speed along straight-aways and around curves, velocity at aerobic capacity and sprint endurance (all-out effort). They took the top metrics from all available data from elite bilateral amputees and compared them to the top metrics from non-amputees.
“We found that no athlete with prosthetic legs has ever performed better than elite non-amputee athletes in lab-based experiments in any measure that relates to sprinting performance,” said first author Owen Beck, a postdoctoral fellow at Emory University who helped conduct the study.
Athletes using prostheses were 40 percent slower out of the starting blocks, had 19 percent slower velocity at aerobic capacity and were 1-3 percent slower around curves compared to non-amputees.
The authors presented preliminary results to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in 2020 but the court ruled that Leeper could not participate in World Athletics-sanctioned events, including the Olympics, because his prostheses made him too tall. In a previous study published in the journal PLOS One, Grabowski and her colleagues found that height makes no difference when it comes to maximum sprinting speed.
“I hope this will get people to really question rules being put into place that keep athletes with disabilities from competing even when they have shown with science that they can compete fairly,” said Grabowski.
The study, “Sprinting with prosthetic versus biological legs: insight from experimental data,” was published in Royal Society Open Science.
Editor’s note: This story was adapted from materials provided by CU Boulder.
